Echocardiography (Diastolic function & dysfunction)

Apical 4 chamber (A4C). Mitral valve PW doppler

E-wave

Peak velocity in early diastole (Passive flow)

It´s used to calculate: MV E/A, MV E/e´, Lateral E/e´, E/Vp_colorM
A4C (Apical 4 chamber).
Early-diastole (ECG: The end of T wave).
PW doppler.

Sample volume (1–3 mm axial size) between mitral leaflet tips.
Color doppler (helps with blood flow identification).

A-wave

Peak velocity in late diastole (Atrial contraction)

It´s used to calculate: MV E/A
A4C (Apical 4 chamber).
Late-diastole (ECG: Right after P wave)
PW doppler.

Sample volume (1–3 mm axial size) between mitral leaflet tips.
Color doppler (helps with blood flow identification).

MV E/A

Mitral valve E-wave/A-wave ratio

MV E/A = E-wave / A-wave
MV E/A is the ratio of the early (E-wave) to late (A-wave) ventricular filling velocities.
It is a first generation test for diastolic performance of the heart.

Valsalva maneuver

Recording obtained continuously through peak inspiration and as patient performs forced expiration for 10 sec with mouth and nose closed.
Change in mitral inflow with Valsalva: ≥50% change in MV E/A

is highly specific for increased LV filling pressures,
and supports diagnosis of diastolic dysfunction

Apical 4 chamber (A4C). Lateral mitral annulus, pulsed tissue doppler (TDI)

Lateral e´

Lateral mitral annulus velocity (Early diastole)

It´s used to calculate: Average e´, Lateral E/e´
A4C (Apical 4 chamber).
Early-diastole (ECG: The end of T wave).
PW tissue Doppler imaging (TDI)

Sample volume on lateral mitral basal regions.

Apical 4 chamber (A4C). Septal mitral annulus, pulsed tissue doppler (TDI)

Septal e´

Septal mitral annulus velocity (Early diastole)

It´s used to calculate: Average e´
A4C (Apical 4 chamber).
Early-diastole (ECG: The end of T wave).
PW tissue Doppler imaging (TDI)

Sample volume on septal basal regions.

Average e´

Average e´= (Lateral e´+ Septal e´) / 2
Average value of lateral and septal e´.
It´s used to calculate: MV E/e´

MV E/e´

Mitral valve E-wave / Average e´ ratio

MV E/e´= E-wave / Average e´
The ratio between E-wave and Average e´.

Apical 4 chamber (A4C). Tricuspid valve CW doppler

Vmax TR

Peak tricuspid regurgitation systolic jet velocity

A4C (RV focused).
Systole (ECG: R wave - The end of T wave).
CW doppler

Place the cursor between tricuspid leaflet tips.
Color doppler (helps with blood flow identification).

Apical 4 chamber (A4C) focused left atrium

LA volume

Left atrial volume (Biplane)

A4C (Apical 4 chamber) and A2C (Apical 2 chamber).
End-systole (ECG: The end of T wave)
Volume can be calculated by the area-length method or disk summation technique (modified biplane) which is preferred.

Trace the LA inner border, excluding the area under the MV annulus, pulmonary veins, and LA appendage.
Volume is calculated from A4C and A2C by echocardiography machine.

Calculate it in the top menu: Atria and IVC.

Lateral E/e´

MV E-wave / Lateral e´ ratio

Lateral E/e´= E-wave / Lateral e´
The ratio between E-wave and lateral e´.

MV DT

Mitral valve deceleration time

Peak E-wave along slope of LV filing extrapolated to zero-velocity baseline
A4C (Apical 4 chamber).
Early-diastole (ECG: The end of T wave)
PW doppler.

Sample volume (1–3 mm axial size) between mitral leaflet tips.
Color doppler (helps with blood flow identification).

A4C (Apical 4 chamber view) LA pulmonary veins focus, systole, PW doppler

PV S wave

Pulmonary vein peak velocity (Early systole)

It´s used to calculate: PV S/D ratio
A4C (LA pulmonary veins focus).
Systole (ECG: R wave - The end of T wave)
PW doppler

Sample volume from right (or left) pulmonary vein.
Color doppler (helps with blood flow identification).

A4C (Apical 4 chamber view) LA pulmonary veins focus, diastole, PW doppler

PV D wave

Pulmonary vein peak velocity (Early diastole)

It´s used to calculate: PV S/D ratio
A4C (LA pulmonary veins focus).
Diastole (ECG: The end of T wave - R wave)
PW doppler

Sample volume from right (or left) pulmonary vein.
Color doppler (helps with blood flow identification).

PV S/D ratio

Pulmonary vein S/D wave ratio

PV S/D ratio = PV S wave / PV D wave
The ratio between PV S wave and PV D wave.

PV S VTI

Pulmonary vein S wave velocity time integral

It´s used to calculate: PV_sys.fraction
A4C (LA pulmonary veins focus).
Systole (ECG: R wave - The end of T wave)
PW doppler

Sample volume from right (or left) pulmonary vein.
Color doppler (helps with blood flow identification).

Total PV VTI

Total pulmonary vein inflow velocity time integral

It´s used to calculate: PV_sys.fraction
A4C (LA pulmonary veins focus).
Systole and diastole (ECG: R wave - R wave)
PW doppler

Sample volume from right (or left) pulmonary vein.
Color doppler (helps with blood flow identification).

PV_sys.fraction

Pulmonary vein systolic filling fraction

PV_sys.fraction = PV S VTI / Total PV VTI x 100
The systolic fraction of the pulmonary vein flow velocity-time integral, a ratio of velocity-time integral of the S wave (PV S VTI) to the sum of velocity-time integrals of the S and D waves (Total PV VTI),

represents the ratio of left atrial storage volume to left ventricular stroke volume.

PV AR_duration

Pulmonary vein atrial reversal flow duration

It´s used to calculate: AR-A
A4C (Apical 4 chamber).
Atrial systole (ECG: Right after P wave)
PW doppler

Sample volume from right (or left) pulmonary vein.
Color doppler (helps with blood flow identification).

MV A_duration

Mitral valve A-wave duration

It´s used to calculate: AR-A
A4C (Apical 4 chamber).
Late-diastole (ECG: Right after P wave).
PW doppler.

Sample volume (1–3 mm axial size) between mitral leaflet tips.
Color doppler (helps with blood flow identification).

AR-A

Time difference (PV AR_duration - MV A _duration)

AR-A = PV AR_duration - MV A_duration
The comparison of time duration between the pulmonary venous antegrade (PV AR_duration) and transmitral A-wave velocity can be used to estimate the LVEDP.
An AR-A duration >30 ms is consistent with elevated LVEDP (left ventricular end-diastolic pressure).

L wave

Transmitral flow during diastasis

This wave indicates continued pulmonary vein flow through the left atrium (LA) into the left ventricle (LV) after early rapid filling.
Several investigations have shown that its presence is correlated with symptoms, prognosis, and elevated filling pressures.
Mid-diastole (ECG: The beginning of P wave)
A4C (Apical 4 chamber).
PW doppler.

Sample volume (1–3 mm axial size) between mitral leaflet tips.

Apical 4 chamber (A4C). Mitral valve M mode (MM)

Vp_colorM

Transmitral flow propagation velocity (Color Doppler M-mode)

This method is basically a means of determining how rapidly blood travels from the base of the ventricle towards the apex.
To measure flow propagation one measures the slope of the aliased signal (blue) from the mitral valve plane 4 cm into the ventricle.
It´s used to calculate: E/Vp_colorM
A4C (Apical 4 chamber).
Early-diastole (ECG: The end of T wave).
Color doppler

Nyquist limit (Aliasing): 30cm/s

M-mode

Place the M-mode line between mitral leaflet tips.

E/Vp_colorM

E wave and transmitral flow propagation velocity ratio

E/Vp_colorM = E-wave / Vp_colorM
E/Vp_colorM correlates with LAP (Left atrial pressure).
E/Vp_colorM ≥2,5 predicts PCWP > 15mmHg g with reasonable accuracy in patients with depressed LV EF.

PCWP (Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure)

AccR_{E wave}

Peak acceleration rate of mitral inflow E wave

A4C (Apical 4 chamber).
Early-diastole (ECG: The end of T wave)
PW doppler.

Sample volume (1–3 mm axial size) between mitral leaflet tips.
Color doppler (helps with blood flow identification).

PV DT_{D wave}

Deceleration time of pulmonary venous diastolic velocity

Peak PV D wave along slope of LA filing extrapolated to zero-velocity baseline
A4C (LA pulmonary veins focus).
Diastole (ECG: The end of T wave - R wave)
PW doppler

Sample volume from right (or left) pulmonary vein.
Color doppler (helps with blood flow identification).

IVRT

Isovolumic Relaxation Time

Time between aortic valve closure and MV opening.
It´s used to calculate: IVRT/T_T-e´
A5C (Apical 5 chamber),
A3C or APLAX (Apical 3 chamber, Apical long axis)
Early-diastole (ECG: The end of T wave).
CW doppler

Using CW Doppler and placing sample volume in LV outflow tract to simultaneously display end of aortic ejection and onset of mitral inflow.

QRS-Septal e´

Time difference from onset of QRS and septal e´

Time from the R wave (on ECG) to the beginning of the septal e´ wave
It´s used to calculate: T _E-e´
A4C (Apical 4 chamber).
Systole - Early diastole (ECG: R wave - The end of T wave)
PW tissue Doppler imaging (TDI)

Sample volume on septal basal regions.

QRS-E wave

Time difference from onset of QRS and E wave

Time from the R wave (on ECG) to the beginning of the E-wave
It´s used to calculate: T _E-e´
A4C (Apical 4 chamber).
Systole - Early diastole (ECG: R wave - The end of T wave)
PW doppler

Sample volume (1–3 mm axial size) between mitral leaflet tips.

T_E-e´

Time difference from onset of E wave and e´

T_E-e´ = QRS-Septal e´ - QRS-E wave
Can identify patients with diastolic dysfunction due to delayed onset of e´ velocity compared with onset of mitral E velocity

IVRT/T_E-e´

Isovolumic Relaxation Time and Time difference from onset of E wave and e´ ratio

IVRT/T_E-e´ = IVRT / T_E-e´
Ratio of IVRT to T_E-e´ can be used to estimate LV filling pressures in normal subjects and patients with mitral valve disease.

References:

Recommendations for Cardiac Chamber Quantification by Echocardiography in Adults: An Update from the ASE and EACVI (2015)

Recommendations for the Evaluation of LV Diastolic Function by Echocardiography: An Update from the ASE and EACVI (2016)

Recommendations on the use of echocardiography in adult hypertension: a report from the EACVI and the ASE (2015)

Recommendations on the Echocardiographic Assessment of Aortic Valve Stenosis: A Focused Update from the EACVI and the ASE (2017)

ASE Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation (2017)

Guidelines for performing a comprehensive TTE examination in adults: Recommendations from the ASE (2018)

Guidelines for the Echocardiographic Assessment of the Right Heart in Adults: ASE, EACVI, ESC, CSE (2010)

Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism ESC, ERS (2019)

Echocardiography in aortic diseases: EAE recommendations for clinical practice (2010)

Echocardiographic assessment of valve stenosis: EAE/ASE recommendations for clinical practice (2009)

ESSENTIAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY A Companion to Braunwald’s Heart Disease

Coronary Artery Territories (Echocardiography Illustrated Book 4)

Basic parameters

E-wave

cm/s

Peak velocity in early diastole (Passive flow)

A-wave

cm/s

Peak velocity in late diastole (Atrial contraction)

MV E/A

MV E/A = E-wave / A-wave

Lateral e´

cm/s

Lateral mitral annulus velocity (Early diastole)

Septal e´

cm/s

Septal mitral annulus velocity (Early diastole)

Average e´

cm/s

Average e´ = (Lateral e´+ Septal e´) / 2

MV E/e´

MV E/e´ = E-wave / Average e´

Vmax TR

m/s

Peak tricuspidal regurgitation velocity

LA volume

ml/m²

Left atrial volume (Biplane)

Other parameters

Lateral E/e´

Lateral E/e´ = E-wave / Lateral e´

MV DT

Mitral valve deceleration time

PV S wave

cm/s

Pulmonary vein peak velocity (Early systole)

PV D wave

cm/s

Pulmonary vein peak velocity (Early diastole)

PV S/D ratio

PV S/D ratio = PV S wave / PV D wave

PV S VTI

Pulmonary vein S wave velocity time integral

Total PV VTI

Total pulmonary vein inflow velocity time integral

PV_sys.fraction

Pulmonary vein systolic filling fraction
PV_sys.fraction = PV S VTI / Total PV VTI x 100

PV AR_duration

Pulmonary vein atrial reversal flow duration

MV A_duration

Mitral valve A-wave duration

AR-A

Time difference (PV AR_duration, MV A_duration)
AR-A = PV AR_duration - MV A_duration

L wave

Transmitral flow during diastasis

Vp_colorM

cm/s

Transmitral flow propagation velocity (Color M-mode)

E/Vp_colorM

E wave and transmitral flow propagation velocity ratio
E/Vp_colorM = E-wave / Vp_colorM

AccR_{E wave}

cm/s²

Peak acceleration rate of mitral inflow E wave

PV DT_{D wave}

Deceleration time of pulmonary venous diastolic velocity

IVRT

Isovolumic Relaxation Time

QRS-Septal e´

Time difference from onset of QRS and septal e´

QRS-E wave

Time difference from onset of QRS and E wave

T_E-e´

Time difference from onset of E wave and e´ wave
T_E-e´ = QRS-Septal e´ - QRS-E wave

IVRT/T_E-e´

Isovolumic Relaxation Time and Time
difference from onset of E wave and e´ ratio
IVRT/T_E-e´ = IVRT / T_E-e´

E-wave

Peak velocity in early diastole (Passive flow)

It´s used to calculate: MV E/A, MV E/e´, Lateral E/e´, E/Vp_colorM
A4C (Apical 4 chamber).
Early-diastole (ECG: The end of T wave).
PW doppler.

Sample volume (1–3 mm axial size) between mitral leaflet tips.
Color doppler (helps with blood flow identification).

Recommendations for the Evaluation of LV Diastolic Function by Echocardiography: An Update from the ASE and EACVI (2016)

Guidelines for performing a comprehensive TTE examination in adults: Recommendations from the ASE (2018)

Echocardiography: Diastolic dysfunction grading (Algorithm)

LAP indeterminate if only 1 of 3 parameters available. Pulmonary vein S/D ratio <1 applicable to conclude elevated LAP in patients
with depressed LV EF.

Recommendations for the Evaluation of LV Diastolic Function by Echocardiography: An Update from the ASE and EACVI (2016)

Assessment of LV filling pressures in special populations
Disease	Echocardiographic measurements and cutoff values
Atrial fibrillation	Peak acceleration rate of mitral E velocity (≥1,900 cm/sec ²) IVRT (≤65 msec) DT of pulmonary venous diastolic velocity (≤220 msec) E/Vp ratio (≥1.4) Septal E/e´ ratio (≥11)
Sinus tachycardia	Mitral inflow pattern with predominant early LV filling in patients with EFs <50% IVRT ≤70 msec is specific (79%) Pulmonary vein systolic filling fraction ≤40% is specific (88%) Average E/e´ >14 (this cutoff has highest specificity but low sensitivity) When E and A velocities are partially or completely fused, the presence of a compensatory period after premature beats often leads to separation of E and A velocities which can be used for assessment of diastolic function
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy	Average E/e´ (>14) Ar-A (≥30 msec) TR peak velocity (>2.8 m/sec) LA volume (>34 mL/m2).
Restrictive cardiomyopathy	DT (<140 msec) Mitral E/A (>2.5) IVRT (<50 msec has high specificity) Average E/e´ (>14)
Noncardiac pulmonary hypertension	Lateral E/e´ can be applied to determine whether a cardiac etiology is the underlying reason for the increased pulmonary artery pressures When cardiac etiology is present, lateral E/e´ is >13, whereas in patients with pulmonary hypertension due to a noncardiac etiology, lateral E/e´ is <8
Mitral stenosis	IVRT (<60 msec has high specificity) IVRT/T_E-e´ (<4.2) Mitral A velocity (>1.5 m/sec)
Mitral regurgitation	Ar-A (≥30 msec) IVRT (<60 msec has high specificity) IVRT/T_E-e´ (<5.6) may be applied for the prediction of LV filling pressures in patients with MR and normal EFs Average E/e´ (>14) may be considered only in patients with depressed EFs

Assessment of LV filling pressures in special populations
Disease	Echocardiographic measurements and cutoff values
Atrial fibrillation	Peak acceleration rate of mitral E velocity (≥1,900 cm/sec ²) IVRT (≤65 msec) DT of pulmonary venous diastolic velocity (≤220 msec) E/Vp ratio (≥1.4) Septal E/e´ ratio (≥11)
Sinus tachycardia	Mitral inflow pattern with predominant early LV filling in patients with EFs <50% IVRT ≤70 msec is specific (79%) Pulmonary vein systolic filling fraction ≤40% is specific (88%) Average E/e´ >14 (this cutoff has highest specificity but low sensitivity) When E and A velocities are partially or completely fused, the presence of a compensatory period after premature beats often leads to separation of E and A velocities which can be used for assessment of diastolic function
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy	Average E/e´ (>14) Ar-A (≥30 msec) TR peak velocity (>2.8 m/sec) LA volume (>34 mL/m2).
Restrictive cardiomyopathy	DT (<140 msec) Mitral E/A (>2.5) IVRT (<50 msec has high specificity) Average E/e´ (>14)
Noncardiac pulmonary hypertension	Lateral E/e´ can be applied to determine whether a cardiac etiology is the underlying reason for the increased pulmonary artery pressures When cardiac etiology is present, lateral E/e´ is >13, whereas in patients with pulmonary hypertension due to a noncardiac etiology, lateral E/e´ is <8
Mitral stenosis	IVRT (<60 msec has high specificity) IVRT/T_E-e´ (<4.2) Mitral A velocity (>1.5 m/sec)
Mitral regurgitation	Ar-A (≥30 msec) IVRT (<60 msec has high specificity) IVRT/T_E-e´ (<5.6) may be applied for the prediction of LV filling pressures in patients with MR and normal EFs Average E/e´ (>14) may be considered only in patients with depressed EFs

Assessment of LV filling pressures in special populations
Disease	Echocardiographic measurements and cutoff values
Atrial fibrillation	Peak acceleration rate of mitral E velocity (≥1,900 cm/sec ²) IVRT (≤65 msec) DT of pulmonary venous diastolic velocity (≤220 msec) E/Vp ratio (≥1.4) Septal E/e´ ratio (≥11)
Sinus tachycardia	Mitral inflow pattern with predominant early LV filling in patients with EFs <50% IVRT ≤70 msec is specific (79%) Pulmonary vein systolic filling fraction ≤40% is specific (88%) Average E/e´ >14 (this cutoff has highest specificity but low sensitivity) When E and A velocities are partially or completely fused, the presence of a compensatory period after premature beats often leads to separation of E and A velocities which can be used for assessment of diastolic function
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy	Average E/e´ (>14) Ar-A (≥30 msec) TR peak velocity (>2.8 m/sec) LA volume (>34 mL/m2).
Restrictive cardiomyopathy	DT (<140 msec) Mitral E/A (>2.5) IVRT (<50 msec has high specificity) Average E/e´ (>14)
Noncardiac pulmonary hypertension	Lateral E/e´ can be applied to determine whether a cardiac etiology is the underlying reason for the increased pulmonary artery pressures When cardiac etiology is present, lateral E/e´ is >13, whereas in patients with pulmonary hypertension due to a noncardiac etiology, lateral E/e´ is <8
Mitral stenosis	IVRT (<60 msec has high specificity) IVRT/T_E-e´ (<4.2) Mitral A velocity (>1.5 m/sec)
Mitral regurgitation	Ar-A (≥30 msec) IVRT (<60 msec has high specificity) IVRT/T_E-e´ (<5.6) may be applied for the prediction of LV filling pressures in patients with MR and normal EFs Average E/e´ (>14) may be considered only in patients with depressed EFs

Assessment of LV filling pressures in special populations
Disease	Echocardiographic measurements and cutoff values
Atrial fibrillation	Peak acceleration rate of mitral E velocity (≥1,900 cm/sec ²) IVRT (≤65 msec) DT of pulmonary venous diastolic velocity (≤220 msec) E/Vp ratio (≥1.4) Septal E/e´ ratio (≥11)
Sinus tachycardia	Mitral inflow pattern with predominant early LV filling in patients with EFs <50% IVRT ≤70 msec is specific (79%) Pulmonary vein systolic filling fraction ≤40% is specific (88%) Average E/e´ >14 (this cutoff has highest specificity but low sensitivity) When E and A velocities are partially or completely fused, the presence of a compensatory period after premature beats often leads to separation of E and A velocities which can be used for assessment of diastolic function
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy	Average E/e´ (>14) Ar-A (≥30 msec) TR peak velocity (>2.8 m/sec) LA volume (>34 mL/m2).
Restrictive cardiomyopathy	DT (<140 msec) Mitral E/A (>2.5) IVRT (<50 msec has high specificity) Average E/e´ (>14)
Noncardiac pulmonary hypertension	Lateral E/e´ can be applied to determine whether a cardiac etiology is the underlying reason for the increased pulmonary artery pressures When cardiac etiology is present, lateral E/e´ is >13, whereas in patients with pulmonary hypertension due to a noncardiac etiology, lateral E/e´ is <8
Mitral stenosis	IVRT (<60 msec has high specificity) IVRT/T_E-e´ (<4.2) Mitral A velocity (>1.5 m/sec)
Mitral regurgitation	Ar-A (≥30 msec) IVRT (<60 msec has high specificity) IVRT/T_E-e´ (<5.6) may be applied for the prediction of LV filling pressures in patients with MR and normal EFs Average E/e´ (>14) may be considered only in patients with depressed EFs

Assessment of LV filling pressures in special populations
Disease	Echocardiographic measurements and cutoff values
Atrial fibrillation	Peak acceleration rate of mitral E velocity (≥1,900 cm/sec ²) IVRT (≤65 msec) DT of pulmonary venous diastolic velocity (≤220 msec) E/Vp ratio (≥1.4) Septal E/e´ ratio (≥11)
Sinus tachycardia	Mitral inflow pattern with predominant early LV filling in patients with EFs <50% IVRT ≤70 msec is specific (79%) Pulmonary vein systolic filling fraction ≤40% is specific (88%) Average E/e´ >14 (this cutoff has highest specificity but low sensitivity) When E and A velocities are partially or completely fused, the presence of a compensatory period after premature beats often leads to separation of E and A velocities which can be used for assessment of diastolic function
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy	Average E/e´ (>14) Ar-A (≥30 msec) TR peak velocity (>2.8 m/sec) LA volume (>34 mL/m2).
Restrictive cardiomyopathy	DT (<140 msec) Mitral E/A (>2.5) IVRT (<50 msec has high specificity) Average E/e´ (>14)
Noncardiac pulmonary hypertension	Lateral E/e´ can be applied to determine whether a cardiac etiology is the underlying reason for the increased pulmonary artery pressures When cardiac etiology is present, lateral E/e´ is >13, whereas in patients with pulmonary hypertension due to a noncardiac etiology, lateral E/e´ is <8
Mitral stenosis	IVRT (<60 msec has high specificity) IVRT/T_E-e´ (<4.2) Mitral A velocity (>1.5 m/sec)
Mitral regurgitation	Ar-A (≥30 msec) IVRT (<60 msec has high specificity) IVRT/T_E-e´ (<5.6) may be applied for the prediction of LV filling pressures in patients with MR and normal EFs Average E/e´ (>14) may be considered only in patients with depressed EFs

Echocardiography

Left ventricular diastolic function

E-wave

A-wave

MV E/A

Valsalva maneuver

Lateral e´

Septal e´

Average e´

MV E/e´

Vmax TR

LA volume

Lateral E/e´

MV DT

PV S wave

PV D wave

PV S/D ratio

PV S VTI

Total PV VTI

PVsys.fraction

PV ARduration

MV Aduration

AR-A

L wave

VpcolorM

E/VpcolorM

AccRE wave

PV DTD wave

IVRT

QRS-Septal e´

QRS-E wave

TE-e´

IVRT/TE-e´

E-wave

A-wave

MV E/A = E-wave / A-wave

Valsalva maneuver

Lateral e´

Septal e´

Average e´= (Lateral e´+ Septal e´) / 2

MV E/e´= E-wave / Average e´

Vmax TR

LA volume

Lateral E/e´= E-wave / Lateral e´

MV DT

PV S/D ratio = PV S wave / PV D wave

PV S wave

PV D wave

PVsys.fraction = PV S VTI / Total PV VTI x 100

PV S VTI

Total PV VTI

AR-A = PV ARduration - MV Aduration

PV ARduration

MV Aduration

L wave

VpcolorM

E/VpcolorM = E-wave / VpcolorM

AccRE wave

PV DTD wave

IVRT

TE-e´ = QRS-Septal e´ - QRS-E wave

QRS-Septal e´

QRS-E wave

IVRT/TE-e´ = IVRT / TE-e´

PV_sys.fraction

PV AR_duration

MV A_duration

Vp_colorM

E/Vp_colorM

AccR_{E wave}

PV DT_{D wave}

T_E-e´

IVRT/T_E-e´

PV_sys.fraction = PV S VTI / Total PV VTI x 100

AR-A = PV AR_duration - MV A_duration

PV AR_duration

MV A_duration

Vp_colorM

E/Vp_colorM = E-wave / Vp_colorM

AccR_{E wave}

PV DT_{D wave}

T_E-e´ = QRS-Septal e´ - QRS-E wave

IVRT/T_E-e´ = IVRT / T_E-e´