Echokardiografia (Aortálna chlopňa)

Vmax AR (Peak aortic regurgitation velocity)

EROA = 2π x PISAr² x Va / Vmax AR

Effective regurgitant orifice area

Efektívna plocha regurgitačného orificia.

Je najužšia časť prúdu aortálnej regurgitácie.

ASE Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation (2017)

Guidelines for performing a comprehensive TTE examination in adults: Recommendations from the ASE (2018)

Echocardiography: Aortic regurgitation quantification (Algorithm)

ASE Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation (2017)

Aortic regurgitation
	Mild	Moderate		Severe
Structural parameters
Aortic leaflets	Normal or abnormal	Normal or abnormal		Abnormal/flail, or wide coaptation defect
Left ventricle (Size)	Normal¹ (LVEDV ≤150ml male, ≤106ml female)	Normal or mild dilated		Usually dilated² (LVEDV >150ml male, >106ml female)
Qualitative doppler
RegJet_widht Regurgitation jet witdh	Small in central jets (Width in LVOT <25%)	Intermediate		Large in central jets; variable in eccentric jets (Width in LVOT >65%)
Flow convergence (PISAr)	None or very small (<0,3cm)	Intermediate		Large (≥1cm)
RegJet_density Regurgitant jet density (CW doppler)	Incomplete or faint	Dense		Dense
PHT_RegJet³ Pressure half time of regurgitant jet	Incomplete or faint Slow (>500ms)	Medium (200-500ms)		Steep <200ms
Diastolic reversal flow in descending aorta (PW doppler)	Brief, early diastolic reversal	Intermediate		Prominent holodiastolic reversal
Semiquantitative parameters⁴
VCW (cm) Vena contracta width	<0,3	0,3 - 0,6		>0,6
RegJet_{width in LVOT} (%) Regurgitation jet width in LVOT (centrel jets)	<25	25-45	46-64	≥65
CSA_{RegJet in CSA LVOT} (%) Regurgitation jet CSA in LVOT CSA (centrel jets)	<5	5-20	21-59	≥60
Quantitative parameters⁴
	Grade I	Grade II	Grade III	Grade IV
EROA (cm²) Effective regurgitant orifice area	<0,1	0,1 - 0,19	0,2 - 0,29	≥0,3
RegVol (ml) Regurgitant volume of aortic regurgitation	<30	30 - 44	45 - 59	≥60
RF (%) Regurgitant fraction of aortic valve	<30	30 - 39	40 - 49	≥50

Bolded qualitative and semiquantitative signs are considered specific for their AR grade. Color Doppler usually performed at a Nyquist limit of 50-70 cm/sec.

Unless there are other reasons for LV dilation.
Specific in normal LV function, in absence of causes of volume overload. Exception: acute AR, in which chambers have not had time to dilate.
PHT is shortened with increasing LV diastolic pressure and may be lengthened in chronic adaptation to severe AR.
Quantitative parameters can subclassify the moderate regurgitation group.

ASE Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation (2017)

PISAr

Proximal isovelocity surface area radius

Vzdielenosť od vena contracta po prvý aliasing flow convergence

Vena contracta je najužšia časť regurgitačného prúdu.
Flow convergenece je proximálny regurgitačný prúd ktorý sa zbieha ku orificiou a vytvára hemisféru

Slúži na výpočet EROA
A5C (Apikálna 5-dutinová projekcia), alebo PLAX (Parasternálna projekcia - dlhá os)

Zoom mode (so zameraním na aortálnu chlopňu)

Diastola (EKG: Koniec T vlny - R kmit)
Color doppler

Baseline posúvame hore. Nyquist limit: 30-40cm/s

ASE Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation (2017)

Guidelines for performing a comprehensive TTE examination in adults: Recommendations from the ASE (2018)

ASE Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation (2017)

Aortic regurgitation
	Mild	Moderate		Severe
Structural parameters
Aortic leaflets	Normal or abnormal	Normal or abnormal		Abnormal/flail, or wide coaptation defect
Left ventricle (Size)	Normal¹ (LVEDV ≤150ml male, ≤106ml female)	Normal or mild dilated		Usually dilated² (LVEDV >150ml male, >106ml female)
Qualitative doppler
RegJet_widht Regurgitation jet witdh	Small in central jets (Width in LVOT <25%)	Intermediate		Large in central jets; variable in eccentric jets (Width in LVOT >65%)
Flow convergence (PISAr)	None or very small (<0,3cm)	Intermediate		Large (≥1cm)
RegJet_density Regurgitant jet density (CW doppler)	Incomplete or faint	Dense		Dense
PHT_RegJet³ Pressure half time of regurgitant jet	Incomplete or faint Slow (>500ms)	Medium (200-500ms)		Steep <200ms
Diastolic reversal flow in descending aorta (PW doppler)	Brief, early diastolic reversal	Intermediate		Prominent holodiastolic reversal
Semiquantitative parameters⁴
VCW (cm) Vena contracta width	<0,3	0,3 - 0,6		>0,6
RegJet_{width in LVOT} (%) Regurgitation jet width in LVOT (centrel jets)	<25	25-45	46-64	≥65
CSA_{RegJet in CSA LVOT} (%) Regurgitation jet CSA in LVOT CSA (centrel jets)	<5	5-20	21-59	≥60
Quantitative parameters⁴
	Grade I	Grade II	Grade III	Grade IV
EROA (cm²) Effective regurgitant orifice area	<0,1	0,1 - 0,19	0,2 - 0,29	≥0,3
RegVol (ml) Regurgitant volume of aortic regurgitation	<30	30 - 44	45 - 59	≥60
RF (%) Regurgitant fraction of aortic valve	<30	30 - 39	40 - 49	≥50

Bolded qualitative and semiquantitative signs are considered specific for their AR grade. Color Doppler usually performed at a Nyquist limit of 50-70 cm/sec.

Unless there are other reasons for LV dilation.
Specific in normal LV function, in absence of causes of volume overload. Exception: acute AR, in which chambers have not had time to dilate.
PHT is shortened with increasing LV diastolic pressure and may be lengthened in chronic adaptation to severe AR.
Quantitative parameters can subclassify the moderate regurgitation group.

ASE Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation (2017)

Va

Aliasing velocity

Manuálne nastavená hodnota na echoprístroji.
Slúži na výpočet EROA.
Nyquist limit sa nastavuje na 50-70cm/s
Pri diagnostike aortálnej regurgitácie sa posúva hranica "baseline"

v smeru regurgitačného prúdu na 30-40cm/s.

Ak prúd krvi ku sonde (červený) prekročí rýchlosť Va (38,5cm/s)

tak vznikne aliasing

ASE Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation (2017)

Guidelines for performing a comprehensive TTE examination in adults: Recommendations from the ASE (2018)

Apical 5 chamber (A5C), CW doppler of aortic valve

Vmax AR

Peak aortic regurgitation velocity

Maximálna rýchlosť prúdu aortálnej regurgitácie.
Slúži na výpočet EROA.
A5C (Apikálna 5-dutinová projekcia)
Diastola (EKG: Koniec T vlny - R kmit)
CW doppler

Kurzor sa umiestni do stredu aortálnej chlopne.

ASE Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation (2017)

Guidelines for performing a comprehensive TTE examination in adults: Recommendations from the ASE (2018)

Aortic regurgitation VCW (Vena contracta width)

echo PLAX view - zoom aortic valve, diastole

VCW

Vena contracta width

Najužšia časť regurgitačného prúdu cez aortálne orificium.
Zodpovedá šírke EROA (Effective Regurgitant Orifice Area).
PLAX (zoom aortálnej chlopne)
Diastola (EKG: Koniec T vlny - R kmit)
Color doppler

Nyquist limit: 50-70cm/s

ASE Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation (2017)

Guidelines for performing a comprehensive TTE examination in adults: Recommendations from the ASE (2018)

ASE Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation (2017)

Aortic regurgitation
	Mild	Moderate		Severe
Structural parameters
Aortic leaflets	Normal or abnormal	Normal or abnormal		Abnormal/flail, or wide coaptation defect
Left ventricle (Size)	Normal¹ (LVEDV ≤150ml male, ≤106ml female)	Normal or mild dilated		Usually dilated² (LVEDV >150ml male, >106ml female)
Qualitative doppler
RegJet_widht Regurgitation jet witdh	Small in central jets (Width in LVOT <25%)	Intermediate		Large in central jets; variable in eccentric jets (Width in LVOT >65%)
Flow convergence (PISAr)	None or very small (<0,3cm)	Intermediate		Large (≥1cm)
RegJet_density Regurgitant jet density (CW doppler)	Incomplete or faint	Dense		Dense
PHT_RegJet³ Pressure half time of regurgitant jet	Incomplete or faint Slow (>500ms)	Medium (200-500ms)		Steep <200ms
Diastolic reversal flow in descending aorta (PW doppler)	Brief, early diastolic reversal	Intermediate		Prominent holodiastolic reversal
Semiquantitative parameters⁴
VCW (cm) Vena contracta width	<0,3	0,3 - 0,6		>0,6
RegJet_{width in LVOT} (%) Regurgitation jet width in LVOT (centrel jets)	<25	25-45	46-64	≥65
CSA_{RegJet in CSA LVOT} (%) Regurgitation jet CSA in LVOT CSA (centrel jets)	<5	5-20	21-59	≥60
Quantitative parameters⁴
	Grade I	Grade II	Grade III	Grade IV
EROA (cm²) Effective regurgitant orifice area	<0,1	0,1 - 0,19	0,2 - 0,29	≥0,3
RegVol (ml) Regurgitant volume of aortic regurgitation	<30	30 - 44	45 - 59	≥60
RF (%) Regurgitant fraction of aortic valve	<30	30 - 39	40 - 49	≥50

Bolded qualitative and semiquantitative signs are considered specific for their AR grade. Color Doppler usually performed at a Nyquist limit of 50-70 cm/sec.

Unless there are other reasons for LV dilation.
Specific in normal LV function, in absence of causes of volume overload. Exception: acute AR, in which chambers have not had time to dilate.
PHT is shortened with increasing LV diastolic pressure and may be lengthened in chronic adaptation to severe AR.
Quantitative parameters can subclassify the moderate regurgitation group.

ASE Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation (2017)

Aortic regurgitation jet width (Regurgitation jet width)

LVOT diameter (Left ventricular outflow tract diameter)

RegJet_{width in LVOT} = RegJet_width/LVOT_diameter x 100

Regurgitation jet width in left ventricular outflow tract

Je percentuálna veľkosť jetu aortálnej regurgitácie v LVOT

ASE Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation (2017)

Guidelines for performing a comprehensive TTE examination in adults: Recommendations from the ASE (2018)

ASE Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation (2017)

Aortic regurgitation
	Mild	Moderate		Severe
Structural parameters
Aortic leaflets	Normal or abnormal	Normal or abnormal		Abnormal/flail, or wide coaptation defect
Left ventricle (Size)	Normal¹ (LVEDV ≤150ml male, ≤106ml female)	Normal or mild dilated		Usually dilated² (LVEDV >150ml male, >106ml female)
Qualitative doppler
RegJet_widht Regurgitation jet witdh	Small in central jets (Width in LVOT <25%)	Intermediate		Large in central jets; variable in eccentric jets (Width in LVOT >65%)
Flow convergence (PISAr)	None or very small (<0,3cm)	Intermediate		Large (≥1cm)
RegJet_density Regurgitant jet density (CW doppler)	Incomplete or faint	Dense		Dense
PHT_RegJet³ Pressure half time of regurgitant jet	Incomplete or faint Slow (>500ms)	Medium (200-500ms)		Steep <200ms
Diastolic reversal flow in descending aorta (PW doppler)	Brief, early diastolic reversal	Intermediate		Prominent holodiastolic reversal
Semiquantitative parameters⁴
VCW (cm) Vena contracta width	<0,3	0,3 - 0,6		>0,6
RegJet_{width in LVOT} (%) Regurgitation jet width in LVOT (centrel jets)	<25	25-45	46-64	≥65
CSA_{RegJet in CSA LVOT} (%) Regurgitation jet CSA in LVOT CSA (centrel jets)	<5	5-20	21-59	≥60
Quantitative parameters⁴
	Grade I	Grade II	Grade III	Grade IV
EROA (cm²) Effective regurgitant orifice area	<0,1	0,1 - 0,19	0,2 - 0,29	≥0,3
RegVol (ml) Regurgitant volume of aortic regurgitation	<30	30 - 44	45 - 59	≥60
RF (%) Regurgitant fraction of aortic valve	<30	30 - 39	40 - 49	≥50

Bolded qualitative and semiquantitative signs are considered specific for their AR grade. Color Doppler usually performed at a Nyquist limit of 50-70 cm/sec.

Unless there are other reasons for LV dilation.
Specific in normal LV function, in absence of causes of volume overload. Exception: acute AR, in which chambers have not had time to dilate.
PHT is shortened with increasing LV diastolic pressure and may be lengthened in chronic adaptation to severe AR.
Quantitative parameters can subclassify the moderate regurgitation group.

ASE Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation (2017)

RegJet_width

Regurgitation jet width

Šírka prúdu aortálnej regurgitácie v LVOT.
Slúži na výpočet RegJet_{width in LVOT}
PLAX (zoom aortálnej chlopne)
Diastola (EKG: Koniec T vlny - R kmit)
Color doppler

Nyquist limit: 50-70cm/s

Meria sa v LVOT cca 1cm od vena contracta

ASE Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation (2017)

Guidelines for performing a comprehensive TTE examination in adults: Recommendations from the ASE (2018)

LVOT_diameter

Left ventricular outflow tract diameter

Priemer výtokového traktu ľavej komory.
Slúži na výpočet CSA_LVOT, SV_AoV a RegJet_{width in LVOT}, AVA
PLAX (zoom aortálnej chlopne)
Mid-systola (EKG: Začiatok T vlny).
Meria sa cca 5mm od aortálneho annulu.

Kalcifikáty sa nemerajú.

Metóda: Inner edge to inner edge

ASE Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation (2017)

Guidelines for performing a comprehensive TTE examination in adults: Recommendations from the ASE (2018)

Aortic regurgitation jet CSA (Regurgitation jet cross section area)

CSA_{RegJet in CSA LVOT}

Regurgitation jet cross section area (CSA) in LVOT CSA

Je percentuálna plocha jetu ku ploche LVOT.

ASE Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation (2017)

Guidelines for performing a comprehensive TTE examination in adults: Recommendations from the ASE (2018)

ASE Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation (2017)

Aortic regurgitation
	Mild	Moderate		Severe
Structural parameters
Aortic leaflets	Normal or abnormal	Normal or abnormal		Abnormal/flail, or wide coaptation defect
Left ventricle (Size)	Normal¹ (LVEDV ≤150ml male, ≤106ml female)	Normal or mild dilated		Usually dilated² (LVEDV >150ml male, >106ml female)
Qualitative doppler
RegJet_widht Regurgitation jet witdh	Small in central jets (Width in LVOT <25%)	Intermediate		Large in central jets; variable in eccentric jets (Width in LVOT >65%)
Flow convergence (PISAr)	None or very small (<0,3cm)	Intermediate		Large (≥1cm)
RegJet_density Regurgitant jet density (CW doppler)	Incomplete or faint	Dense		Dense
PHT_RegJet³ Pressure half time of regurgitant jet	Incomplete or faint Slow (>500ms)	Medium (200-500ms)		Steep <200ms
Diastolic reversal flow in descending aorta (PW doppler)	Brief, early diastolic reversal	Intermediate		Prominent holodiastolic reversal
Semiquantitative parameters⁴
VCW (cm) Vena contracta width	<0,3	0,3 - 0,6		>0,6
RegJet_{width in LVOT} (%) Regurgitation jet width in LVOT (centrel jets)	<25	25-45	46-64	≥65
CSA_{RegJet in CSA LVOT} (%) Regurgitation jet CSA in LVOT CSA (centrel jets)	<5	5-20	21-59	≥60
Quantitative parameters⁴
	Grade I	Grade II	Grade III	Grade IV
EROA (cm²) Effective regurgitant orifice area	<0,1	0,1 - 0,19	0,2 - 0,29	≥0,3
RegVol (ml) Regurgitant volume of aortic regurgitation	<30	30 - 44	45 - 59	≥60
RF (%) Regurgitant fraction of aortic valve	<30	30 - 39	40 - 49	≥50

Bolded qualitative and semiquantitative signs are considered specific for their AR grade. Color Doppler usually performed at a Nyquist limit of 50-70 cm/sec.

Unless there are other reasons for LV dilation.
Specific in normal LV function, in absence of causes of volume overload. Exception: acute AR, in which chambers have not had time to dilate.
PHT is shortened with increasing LV diastolic pressure and may be lengthened in chronic adaptation to severe AR.
Quantitative parameters can subclassify the moderate regurgitation group.

ASE Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation (2017)

CSA_RegJet

Regurgitation jet cross section area

Plocha regurgitačného prúdu
Slúži na výpočet CSA_{RegJet in CSA LVOT}.
PSAX (Úroveň veľkých ciev) zoom aortálnej chlopne
Diastola (EKG: Koniec T vlny - R kmit)
Color doppler

Nyquist limit: 50-70cm/s

Meria sa cca 1cm od vena contracta

ASE Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation (2017)

Guidelines for performing a comprehensive TTE examination in adults: Recommendations from the ASE (2018)

RegJet_{soft density}

Regurgitant jet soft density

Denzita a tvar regurgitačného prúdu

Denzita je priamo úmerná počtu erytrocytov v prúde
Čím viac erytrocytov, tým je denzita silnejšia

A5C (Apikálna 5-dutinová projekcia)
Diastola (EKG: Koniec T vlny - R kmit)
CW doppler
Denzita sa porovnáva s neregurgitačným prúdom
Slabá denzita regurgitačného prúdu svedčí pre miernu aortálnu regurgitáciu.

ASE Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation (2017)

Guidelines for performing a comprehensive TTE examination in adults: Recommendations from the ASE (2018)

ASE Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation (2017)

Aortic regurgitation
	Mild	Moderate		Severe
Structural parameters
Aortic leaflets	Normal or abnormal	Normal or abnormal		Abnormal/flail, or wide coaptation defect
Left ventricle (Size)	Normal¹ (LVEDV ≤150ml male, ≤106ml female)	Normal or mild dilated		Usually dilated² (LVEDV >150ml male, >106ml female)
Qualitative doppler
RegJet_widht Regurgitation jet witdh	Small in central jets (Width in LVOT <25%)	Intermediate		Large in central jets; variable in eccentric jets (Width in LVOT >65%)
Flow convergence (PISAr)	None or very small (<0,3cm)	Intermediate		Large (≥1cm)
RegJet_density Regurgitant jet density (CW doppler)	Incomplete or faint	Dense		Dense
PHT_RegJet³ Pressure half time of regurgitant jet	Incomplete or faint Slow (>500ms)	Medium (200-500ms)		Steep <200ms
Diastolic reversal flow in descending aorta (PW doppler)	Brief, early diastolic reversal	Intermediate		Prominent holodiastolic reversal
Semiquantitative parameters⁴
VCW (cm) Vena contracta width	<0,3	0,3 - 0,6		>0,6
RegJet_{width in LVOT} (%) Regurgitation jet width in LVOT (centrel jets)	<25	25-45	46-64	≥65
CSA_{RegJet in CSA LVOT} (%) Regurgitation jet CSA in LVOT CSA (centrel jets)	<5	5-20	21-59	≥60
Quantitative parameters⁴
	Grade I	Grade II	Grade III	Grade IV
EROA (cm²) Effective regurgitant orifice area	<0,1	0,1 - 0,19	0,2 - 0,29	≥0,3
RegVol (ml) Regurgitant volume of aortic regurgitation	<30	30 - 44	45 - 59	≥60
RF (%) Regurgitant fraction of aortic valve	<30	30 - 39	40 - 49	≥50

Bolded qualitative and semiquantitative signs are considered specific for their AR grade. Color Doppler usually performed at a Nyquist limit of 50-70 cm/sec.

Unless there are other reasons for LV dilation.
Specific in normal LV function, in absence of causes of volume overload. Exception: acute AR, in which chambers have not had time to dilate.
PHT is shortened with increasing LV diastolic pressure and may be lengthened in chronic adaptation to severe AR.
Quantitative parameters can subclassify the moderate regurgitation group.

ASE Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation (2017)

PHT_RegJet

Pressure half time of regurgitant jet

Polčas poklesu iniciálneho tlakového gradientu aortálnej regurgitácie.
A5C (Apikálna 5-dutinová projekcia)
Diastola (EKG: Koniec T vlny - R kmit)
CW doppler
PHT vypočíta echoprístroj.

ASE Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation (2017)

Guidelines for performing a comprehensive TTE examination in adults: Recommendations from the ASE (2018)

ASE Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation (2017)

Aortic regurgitation
	Mild	Moderate		Severe
Structural parameters
Aortic leaflets	Normal or abnormal	Normal or abnormal		Abnormal/flail, or wide coaptation defect
Left ventricle (Size)	Normal¹ (LVEDV ≤150ml male, ≤106ml female)	Normal or mild dilated		Usually dilated² (LVEDV >150ml male, >106ml female)
Qualitative doppler
RegJet_widht Regurgitation jet witdh	Small in central jets (Width in LVOT <25%)	Intermediate		Large in central jets; variable in eccentric jets (Width in LVOT >65%)
Flow convergence (PISAr)	None or very small (<0,3cm)	Intermediate		Large (≥1cm)
RegJet_density Regurgitant jet density (CW doppler)	Incomplete or faint	Dense		Dense
PHT_RegJet³ Pressure half time of regurgitant jet	Incomplete or faint Slow (>500ms)	Medium (200-500ms)		Steep <200ms
Diastolic reversal flow in descending aorta (PW doppler)	Brief, early diastolic reversal	Intermediate		Prominent holodiastolic reversal
Semiquantitative parameters⁴
VCW (cm) Vena contracta width	<0,3	0,3 - 0,6		>0,6
RegJet_{width in LVOT} (%) Regurgitation jet width in LVOT (centrel jets)	<25	25-45	46-64	≥65
CSA_{RegJet in CSA LVOT} (%) Regurgitation jet CSA in LVOT CSA (centrel jets)	<5	5-20	21-59	≥60
Quantitative parameters⁴
	Grade I	Grade II	Grade III	Grade IV
EROA (cm²) Effective regurgitant orifice area	<0,1	0,1 - 0,19	0,2 - 0,29	≥0,3
RegVol (ml) Regurgitant volume of aortic regurgitation	<30	30 - 44	45 - 59	≥60
RF (%) Regurgitant fraction of aortic valve	<30	30 - 39	40 - 49	≥50

Bolded qualitative and semiquantitative signs are considered specific for their AR grade. Color Doppler usually performed at a Nyquist limit of 50-70 cm/sec.

Unless there are other reasons for LV dilation.
Specific in normal LV function, in absence of causes of volume overload. Exception: acute AR, in which chambers have not had time to dilate.
PHT is shortened with increasing LV diastolic pressure and may be lengthened in chronic adaptation to severe AR.
Quantitative parameters can subclassify the moderate regurgitation group.

ASE Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation (2017)

Suprasternal notch aortic arch - PW doppler

RevFlow_DesAo

Reversal holodiastolic flow in descending aorta

Reverný holodiastolický prúd v proximálnej descendentnej aorte
SSN projekcia (so zameraním na oblúk aorty)
Diastola (EKG: Koniec T vlny - R kmit)
PW doppler

Kurzor sa umiestni do proximálnej časti descendentnej aorty

Svedčí pre závažnú aortálnu regurgitáciu.

ASE Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation (2017)

Guidelines for performing a comprehensive TTE examination in adults: Recommendations from the ASE (2018)

ASE Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation (2017)

Aortic regurgitation
	Mild	Moderate		Severe
Structural parameters
Aortic leaflets	Normal or abnormal	Normal or abnormal		Abnormal/flail, or wide coaptation defect
Left ventricle (Size)	Normal¹ (LVEDV ≤150ml male, ≤106ml female)	Normal or mild dilated		Usually dilated² (LVEDV >150ml male, >106ml female)
Qualitative doppler
RegJet_widht Regurgitation jet witdh	Small in central jets (Width in LVOT <25%)	Intermediate		Large in central jets; variable in eccentric jets (Width in LVOT >65%)
Flow convergence (PISAr)	None or very small (<0,3cm)	Intermediate		Large (≥1cm)
RegJet_density Regurgitant jet density (CW doppler)	Incomplete or faint	Dense		Dense
PHT_RegJet³ Pressure half time of regurgitant jet	Incomplete or faint Slow (>500ms)	Medium (200-500ms)		Steep <200ms
Diastolic reversal flow in descending aorta (PW doppler)	Brief, early diastolic reversal	Intermediate		Prominent holodiastolic reversal
Semiquantitative parameters⁴
VCW (cm) Vena contracta width	<0,3	0,3 - 0,6		>0,6
RegJet_{width in LVOT} (%) Regurgitation jet width in LVOT (centrel jets)	<25	25-45	46-64	≥65
CSA_{RegJet in CSA LVOT} (%) Regurgitation jet CSA in LVOT CSA (centrel jets)	<5	5-20	21-59	≥60
Quantitative parameters⁴
	Grade I	Grade II	Grade III	Grade IV
EROA (cm²) Effective regurgitant orifice area	<0,1	0,1 - 0,19	0,2 - 0,29	≥0,3
RegVol (ml) Regurgitant volume of aortic regurgitation	<30	30 - 44	45 - 59	≥60
RF (%) Regurgitant fraction of aortic valve	<30	30 - 39	40 - 49	≥50

Bolded qualitative and semiquantitative signs are considered specific for their AR grade. Color Doppler usually performed at a Nyquist limit of 50-70 cm/sec.

Unless there are other reasons for LV dilation.
Specific in normal LV function, in absence of causes of volume overload. Exception: acute AR, in which chambers have not had time to dilate.
PHT is shortened with increasing LV diastolic pressure and may be lengthened in chronic adaptation to severe AR.
Quantitative parameters can subclassify the moderate regurgitation group.

ASE Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation (2017)

VTI MV (Velocity time integral mitral valve inflow) PW doppler

SV_MV = CSA_MV x VTI MV

Stroke volume of mitral valve

Pulzový objem mitrálnej chlopne.
Slúži na výpočet: RegVol_AR
Vypočítate ho v menu: MiCh

ASE Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation (2017)

Guidelines for performing a comprehensive TTE examination in adults: Recommendations from the ASE (2018)

VTI LVOT (Velocity time integral of left ventricular outflow tract)

SV_AoV = CSA_LVOT x VTI_LVOT

Stroke volume via left ventricular outflow tract (aortic valve)

Pulzový objem cez aortálnu chlopňu.
Slúži na výpočet: RegVol_AR, RF_AR

ASE Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation (2017)

Guidelines for performing a comprehensive TTE examination in adults: Recommendations from the ASE (2018)

ASE Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation (2017)

Aortic regurgitation
	Mild	Moderate		Severe
Structural parameters
Aortic leaflets	Normal or abnormal	Normal or abnormal		Abnormal/flail, or wide coaptation defect
Left ventricle (Size)	Normal¹ (LVEDV ≤150ml male, ≤106ml female)	Normal or mild dilated		Usually dilated² (LVEDV >150ml male, >106ml female)
Qualitative doppler
RegJet_widht Regurgitation jet witdh	Small in central jets (Width in LVOT <25%)	Intermediate		Large in central jets; variable in eccentric jets (Width in LVOT >65%)
Flow convergence (PISAr)	None or very small (<0,3cm)	Intermediate		Large (≥1cm)
RegJet_density Regurgitant jet density (CW doppler)	Incomplete or faint	Dense		Dense
PHT_RegJet³ Pressure half time of regurgitant jet	Incomplete or faint Slow (>500ms)	Medium (200-500ms)		Steep <200ms
Diastolic reversal flow in descending aorta (PW doppler)	Brief, early diastolic reversal	Intermediate		Prominent holodiastolic reversal
Semiquantitative parameters⁴
VCW (cm) Vena contracta width	<0,3	0,3 - 0,6		>0,6
RegJet_{width in LVOT} (%) Regurgitation jet width in LVOT (centrel jets)	<25	25-45	46-64	≥65
CSA_{RegJet in CSA LVOT} (%) Regurgitation jet CSA in LVOT CSA (centrel jets)	<5	5-20	21-59	≥60
Quantitative parameters⁴
	Grade I	Grade II	Grade III	Grade IV
EROA (cm²) Effective regurgitant orifice area	<0,1	0,1 - 0,19	0,2 - 0,29	≥0,3
RegVol (ml) Regurgitant volume of aortic regurgitation	<30	30 - 44	45 - 59	≥60
RF (%) Regurgitant fraction of aortic valve	<30	30 - 39	40 - 49	≥50

Bolded qualitative and semiquantitative signs are considered specific for their AR grade. Color Doppler usually performed at a Nyquist limit of 50-70 cm/sec.

Unless there are other reasons for LV dilation.
Specific in normal LV function, in absence of causes of volume overload. Exception: acute AR, in which chambers have not had time to dilate.
PHT is shortened with increasing LV diastolic pressure and may be lengthened in chronic adaptation to severe AR.
Quantitative parameters can subclassify the moderate regurgitation group.

ASE Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation (2017)

Apical 5 chamber (A5C), PW doppler of LVOT

VTI_LVOT

Velocity time integral of left ventricular outflow tract

Velocity time integral LVOT.
Slúži na výpočet SV_AoV, AVA
A5C (Apikálna 5-dutinová projekcia)
Systola (EKG: R kmit - koniec T vlny).
PW doppler

Kurzor sa umiestni do stredu LVOT cca 5mm proximálne od aortálneho annulu.
presne do úrovne, kde bol odmeraný LVOT_diameter

ASE Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation (2017)

Guidelines for performing a comprehensive TTE examination in adults: Recommendations from the ASE (2018)

RegVol_AR = SV_AoV - SV_MV

Regurgitant volume of aortic regurgitation

Regurgitačný objem aortálnej regurgitácie.
Slúži na výpočet RF_AR

ASE Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation (2017)

Guidelines for performing a comprehensive TTE examination in adults: Recommendations from the ASE (2018)

ASE Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation (2017)

Aortic regurgitation
	Mild	Moderate		Severe
Structural parameters
Aortic leaflets	Normal or abnormal	Normal or abnormal		Abnormal/flail, or wide coaptation defect
Left ventricle (Size)	Normal¹ (LVEDV ≤150ml male, ≤106ml female)	Normal or mild dilated		Usually dilated² (LVEDV >150ml male, >106ml female)
Qualitative doppler
RegJet_widht Regurgitation jet witdh	Small in central jets (Width in LVOT <25%)	Intermediate		Large in central jets; variable in eccentric jets (Width in LVOT >65%)
Flow convergence (PISAr)	None or very small (<0,3cm)	Intermediate		Large (≥1cm)
RegJet_density Regurgitant jet density (CW doppler)	Incomplete or faint	Dense		Dense
PHT_RegJet³ Pressure half time of regurgitant jet	Incomplete or faint Slow (>500ms)	Medium (200-500ms)		Steep <200ms
Diastolic reversal flow in descending aorta (PW doppler)	Brief, early diastolic reversal	Intermediate		Prominent holodiastolic reversal
Semiquantitative parameters⁴
VCW (cm) Vena contracta width	<0,3	0,3 - 0,6		>0,6
RegJet_{width in LVOT} (%) Regurgitation jet width in LVOT (centrel jets)	<25	25-45	46-64	≥65
CSA_{RegJet in CSA LVOT} (%) Regurgitation jet CSA in LVOT CSA (centrel jets)	<5	5-20	21-59	≥60
Quantitative parameters⁴
	Grade I	Grade II	Grade III	Grade IV
EROA (cm²) Effective regurgitant orifice area	<0,1	0,1 - 0,19	0,2 - 0,29	≥0,3
RegVol (ml) Regurgitant volume of aortic regurgitation	<30	30 - 44	45 - 59	≥60
RF (%) Regurgitant fraction of aortic valve	<30	30 - 39	40 - 49	≥50

Bolded qualitative and semiquantitative signs are considered specific for their AR grade. Color Doppler usually performed at a Nyquist limit of 50-70 cm/sec.

Unless there are other reasons for LV dilation.
Specific in normal LV function, in absence of causes of volume overload. Exception: acute AR, in which chambers have not had time to dilate.
PHT is shortened with increasing LV diastolic pressure and may be lengthened in chronic adaptation to severe AR.
Quantitative parameters can subclassify the moderate regurgitation group.

ASE Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation (2017)

RF_AR = RegVol_AR / SV_AoV x 100

Regurgitant fraction

Regurgitačná frakcia aortálnej regurgitácie.

ASE Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation (2017)

Guidelines for performing a comprehensive TTE examination in adults: Recommendations from the ASE (2018)

ASE Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation (2017)

Aortic regurgitation
	Mild	Moderate		Severe
Structural parameters
Aortic leaflets	Normal or abnormal	Normal or abnormal		Abnormal/flail, or wide coaptation defect
Left ventricle (Size)	Normal¹ (LVEDV ≤150ml male, ≤106ml female)	Normal or mild dilated		Usually dilated² (LVEDV >150ml male, >106ml female)
Qualitative doppler
RegJet_widht Regurgitation jet witdh	Small in central jets (Width in LVOT <25%)	Intermediate		Large in central jets; variable in eccentric jets (Width in LVOT >65%)
Flow convergence (PISAr)	None or very small (<0,3cm)	Intermediate		Large (≥1cm)
RegJet_density Regurgitant jet density (CW doppler)	Incomplete or faint	Dense		Dense
PHT_RegJet³ Pressure half time of regurgitant jet	Incomplete or faint Slow (>500ms)	Medium (200-500ms)		Steep <200ms
Diastolic reversal flow in descending aorta (PW doppler)	Brief, early diastolic reversal	Intermediate		Prominent holodiastolic reversal
Semiquantitative parameters⁴
VCW (cm) Vena contracta width	<0,3	0,3 - 0,6		>0,6
RegJet_{width in LVOT} (%) Regurgitation jet width in LVOT (centrel jets)	<25	25-45	46-64	≥65
CSA_{RegJet in CSA LVOT} (%) Regurgitation jet CSA in LVOT CSA (centrel jets)	<5	5-20	21-59	≥60
Quantitative parameters⁴
	Grade I	Grade II	Grade III	Grade IV
EROA (cm²) Effective regurgitant orifice area	<0,1	0,1 - 0,19	0,2 - 0,29	≥0,3
RegVol (ml) Regurgitant volume of aortic regurgitation	<30	30 - 44	45 - 59	≥60
RF (%) Regurgitant fraction of aortic valve	<30	30 - 39	40 - 49	≥50

Bolded qualitative and semiquantitative signs are considered specific for their AR grade. Color Doppler usually performed at a Nyquist limit of 50-70 cm/sec.

Unless there are other reasons for LV dilation.
Specific in normal LV function, in absence of causes of volume overload. Exception: acute AR, in which chambers have not had time to dilate.
PHT is shortened with increasing LV diastolic pressure and may be lengthened in chronic adaptation to severe AR.
Quantitative parameters can subclassify the moderate regurgitation group.

ASE Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation (2017)

LVEDV (Left ventricular end-diastole volume)

LVESV (Left ventricular end-systole volume)

LV EF = (LVEDV - LVESV) / LVEDV x 100

Left ventricular ejection fraction (Biplane Method of Discs)

Ejekčná frakcia ľavej komory.
Podiel vývrhového objemu ku end-distolickému objemu ľavej komory.

Udáva sa v percentách (%).

Ejekčnú frakciu vypočíta echoprístroj z LVESV a LVEDV.
Vypočítate ju v menu: Ľavá komora

ASE Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation (2017)

Guidelines for performing a comprehensive TTE examination in adults: Recommendations from the ASE (2018)

ASE Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation (2017)

Left ventricle (Ejection fraction)
	Male				Female
	Normal range	Mildly abnormal	Moderately abnormal	Severely abnormal	Normal range	Mildly abnormal	Moderately abnormal	Severely abnormal
LV EF (%) Left ventricular ejection fraction (Biplane)	52 - 72	41 - 51	30 - 40	<30	54 - 74	41 - 53	30 - 40	<30

Recommendations for Cardiac Chamber Quantification by Echocardiography in Adults: An Update from the ASE and EACVI (2015)

Apical 4 Chamber View (A4C) zoomed left ventricle

LVEDV

Left ventricular end-diastole volume

Objem ľavej komory v end-diastole.
A4C (zoom ľavej komory), A2C (zoom ľavej komory).
End-diastola (EKG: R kmit).
Meria sa pomocou bi-plane metódy diskov (Simpson bi-plane).

V každej projekcii (A4C, A2C) sa opíše kontúra endokardu.
Echoprístroj potom vypočíta objem komory z dvoch projekcií.

Vypočítate ho v menu: Ľavá komora

ASE Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation (2017)

Guidelines for performing a comprehensive TTE examination in adults: Recommendations from the ASE (2018)

ASE Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation (2017)

Left ventricle (Volume)
	Male				Female
	Normal range	Mildly abnormal	Moderately abnormal	Severely abnormal	Normal range	Mildly abnormal	Moderately abnormal	Severely abnormal
LVEDV (ml) Left ventricular end-diastole volume (Biplane)	62 - 150	151 - 174	175 - 200	>200	46 - 106	107 - 120	121 - 130	>130
LVEDV (ml/m2) Left ventricular end-diastole volume (Biplane)	34 - 74	75 - 89	90 - 100	>100	29 - 61	62 - 70	71 - 80	>80
LVESV (ml) Left ventricular end-systole volume (Biplane)	21 - 61	62 - 73	74 - 85	>85	14 - 42	43 - 55	56 - 67	>67
LVESV (ml/m2) Left ventricular end-systole volume (Biplane)	11 - 31	32 - 38	39 - 45	>45	8 - 24	25 - 32	33 - 40	>40

Recommendations for Cardiac Chamber Quantification by Echocardiography in Adults: An Update from the ASE and EACVI (2015)

VTI AoV

Velocity time integral aortic valve

Velocity time integral maximálneho prúdu cez aortálnu chlopňu.
Slúži na výpočet AVA
A5C (Apikálna 5-dutinová projekcia).
Systola (EKG: R kmit - koniec T vlny).
CW doppler

Kurzor sa umiestni do stredu aortálnej chlopne.

Recommendations on the Echocardiographic Assessment of Aortic Valve Stenosis: A Focused Update from the EACVI and the ASE (2017)

Guidelines for performing a comprehensive TTE examination in adults: Recommendations from the ASE (2018)

Velocity time integral of left ventricular outflow tract

AVA = CSA_LVOT x VTI_LVOT / VTI AoV

Aortic valve area (continuity equation)

Plocha aortálnej chlopne vypočítana z rovnice kontinuity.

Recommendations on the Echocardiographic Assessment of Aortic Valve Stenosis: A Focused Update from the EACVI and the ASE (2017)

Guidelines for performing a comprehensive TTE examination in adults: Recommendations from the ASE (2018)

Aortic stenosis
	Aortic sclerosis	Mild	Moderate	Severe
Vmax AoV (m/s) Aortic valve maximum velocity	≤2,5	2,6 - 2,9	3,0 - 4,0	≥4,0
meanPG AoV (mmHg) Aortic valve mean pressure gradient		<20	20 - 40	≥40
AVA (cm²) Aortic valve area (continuity equation)		>1,5	1,0 - 1,5	<1,0
AVA (cm²/m²) Aortic valve area (continuity equation)		>0,85	0,60 - 0,85	<0,60
Velocity ratio Aortic valve velocity ratio (Dimensionless index)		>0,5	0,25 - 0,5	<0,25

Recommendations on the Echocardiographic Assessment of Aortic Valve Stenosis: A Focused Update from the EACVI and the ASE (2017)

Vmax_LVOT

Peak velocity Left ventricular aoutflow tract

Maximálna rýchlosť prúdu cez LVOT.
Slúži na výpočet Velocity ratio
A5C (Apikálna 5-dutinová projekcia)
Mid-systola (EKG: Začiatok T vlny).
PW doppler

Kurzor sa umiestni do stredu LVOT cca 5mm proximálne od aortálneho annulu
presne do úrovne, kde bol odmeraný LVOT_diameter

Recommendations on the Echocardiographic Assessment of Aortic Valve Stenosis: A Focused Update from the EACVI and the ASE (2017)

Guidelines for performing a comprehensive TTE examination in adults: Recommendations from the ASE (2018)

Vmax AoV

Aortic valve maximum velocity

Maximálna rýchlosť prúdu cez aortálnu chlopňu.
Slúži na výpočet Velocity ratio
A5C (Apikálna 5-dutinová projekcia).
Mid-systola (EKG: Začiatok T vlny).
CW doppler

Kurzor sa umiestni do stredu aortálnej chlopne.

Recommendations on the Echocardiographic Assessment of Aortic Valve Stenosis: A Focused Update from the EACVI and the ASE (2017)

Guidelines for performing a comprehensive TTE examination in adults: Recommendations from the ASE (2018)

Aortic stenosis
	Aortic sclerosis	Mild	Moderate	Severe
Vmax AoV (m/s) Aortic valve maximum velocity	≤2,5	2,6 - 2,9	3,0 - 4,0	≥4,0
meanPG AoV (mmHg) Aortic valve mean pressure gradient		<20	20 - 40	≥40
AVA (cm²) Aortic valve area (continuity equation)		>1,5	1,0 - 1,5	<1,0
AVA (cm²/m²) Aortic valve area (continuity equation)		>0,85	0,60 - 0,85	<0,60
Velocity ratio Aortic valve velocity ratio (Dimensionless index)		>0,5	0,25 - 0,5	<0,25

Recommendations on the Echocardiographic Assessment of Aortic Valve Stenosis: A Focused Update from the EACVI and the ASE (2017)

Velocity ratio = Vmax_LVOT / Vmax AoV

Aortic valve velocity ratio (Dimensionless index)

Pomer subvalvulárnej rýchlsti nameranej PW dopplerom (Vmax_LVOT) a maximálnej aortálnej rýchlosti nameranej CW dopplerom (Vmax AoV).
Niekedy sa označuje ako Dimensionless index

Recommendations on the Echocardiographic Assessment of Aortic Valve Stenosis: A Focused Update from the EACVI and the ASE (2017)

Guidelines for performing a comprehensive TTE examination in adults: Recommendations from the ASE (2018)

Aortic stenosis
	Aortic sclerosis	Mild	Moderate	Severe
Vmax AoV (m/s) Aortic valve maximum velocity	≤2,5	2,6 - 2,9	3,0 - 4,0	≥4,0
meanPG AoV (mmHg) Aortic valve mean pressure gradient		<20	20 - 40	≥40
AVA (cm²) Aortic valve area (continuity equation)		>1,5	1,0 - 1,5	<1,0
AVA (cm²/m²) Aortic valve area (continuity equation)		>0,85	0,60 - 0,85	<0,60
Velocity ratio Aortic valve velocity ratio (Dimensionless index)		>0,5	0,25 - 0,5	<0,25

Recommendations on the Echocardiographic Assessment of Aortic Valve Stenosis: A Focused Update from the EACVI and the ASE (2017)

maxPG AoV

Aortic valve peak pressure gradient

Maximálny tlakový gradient na aortálnej chlopni.
A5C (Apikálna 5-dutinová projekcia).
Systola (EKG: R kmit - koniec T vlny).
CW doppler

Kurzor sa umiestni do stredu aortálnej chlopne.

Recommendations on the Echocardiographic Assessment of Aortic Valve Stenosis: A Focused Update from the EACVI and the ASE (2017)

Guidelines for performing a comprehensive TTE examination in adults: Recommendations from the ASE (2018)

Aortic stenosis
	Aortic sclerosis	Mild	Moderate	Severe
Vmax AoV (m/s) Aortic valve maximum velocity	≤2,5	2,6 - 2,9	3,0 - 4,0	≥4,0
meanPG AoV (mmHg) Aortic valve mean pressure gradient		<20	20 - 40	≥40
AVA (cm²) Aortic valve area (continuity equation)		>1,5	1,0 - 1,5	<1,0
AVA (cm²/m²) Aortic valve area (continuity equation)		>0,85	0,60 - 0,85	<0,60
Velocity ratio Aortic valve velocity ratio (Dimensionless index)		>0,5	0,25 - 0,5	<0,25

Recommendations on the Echocardiographic Assessment of Aortic Valve Stenosis: A Focused Update from the EACVI and the ASE (2017)

meanPG AoV

Aortic valve mean pressure gradient

Stredný tlakový gradient na aortálnej chlopni.
A5C (Apikálna 5-dutinová projekcia).
Systola (EKG: R kmit - koniec T vlny).
CW doppler

Kurzor sa umiestni do stredu aortálnej chlopne.

Echoprístroj ho vypočíta z VTI krivky.

Recommendations on the Echocardiographic Assessment of Aortic Valve Stenosis: A Focused Update from the EACVI and the ASE (2017)

Guidelines for performing a comprehensive TTE examination in adults: Recommendations from the ASE (2018)

Aortic stenosis
	Aortic sclerosis	Mild	Moderate	Severe
Vmax AoV (m/s) Aortic valve maximum velocity	≤2,5	2,6 - 2,9	3,0 - 4,0	≥4,0
meanPG AoV (mmHg) Aortic valve mean pressure gradient		<20	20 - 40	≥40
AVA (cm²) Aortic valve area (continuity equation)		>1,5	1,0 - 1,5	<1,0
AVA (cm²/m²) Aortic valve area (continuity equation)		>0,85	0,60 - 0,85	<0,60
Velocity ratio Aortic valve velocity ratio (Dimensionless index)		>0,5	0,25 - 0,5	<0,25

Recommendations on the Echocardiographic Assessment of Aortic Valve Stenosis: A Focused Update from the EACVI and the ASE (2017)

VTI_LVOT

Velocity time integral left ventricular outflow tract

Velocity time integral LVOT.
A5C (Apikálna 5-dutinová projekcia)
Systola (EKG: R kmit - koniec T vlny).
PW doppler

Kurzor sa umiestni do stredu LVOT cca 5mm proximálne od aortálneho annulu.
presne do úrovne, kde bol odmeraný LVOT_diameter

SV_AV = CSA_LVOT x VTI_LVOT

Stroke volume via left ventricular outflow tract (aortic valve)

Pulzový objem cez aortálnu chlopňu.

Echokardiografia

Aortálna chlopňa

Va

VCW

PISAr

Vmax AR

EROA

RegJetwidth

LVOTdiameter

RegJetwidth in LVOT

CSARegJet

CSARegJet in CSA LVOT

RegJetsoft density

PHTRegJet

RevFlowDesAo

SVMV

VTILVOT

SVAoV

RegVolAR

RFAR

LV EF

LVEDV

VTI AoV

AVA

VmaxLVOT

Vmax AoV

Velocity ratio

maxPG AoV

meanPG AoV

EROA = 2π x PISAr2 x Va / Vmax AR

PISAr

Va

Vmax AR

VCW

RegJetwidth in LVOT = RegJetwidth/LVOTdiameter x 100

RegJetwidth

LVOTdiameter

CSARegJet in CSA LVOT

CSARegJet

RegJetsoft density

PHTRegJet

RevFlowDesAo

SVMV = CSAMV x VTI MV

SVAoV = CSALVOT x VTILVOT

VTILVOT

RegVolAR = SVAoV - SVMV

RFAR = RegVolAR / SVAoV x 100

LV EF = (LVEDV - LVESV) / LVEDV x 100

LVEDV

VTI AoV

AVA = CSALVOT x VTILVOT / VTI AoV

VmaxLVOT

Vmax AoV

Velocity ratio = VmaxLVOT / Vmax AoV

maxPG AoV

meanPG AoV

VTILVOT

SVAV = CSALVOT x VTILVOT

RegJet_width

LVOT_diameter

RegJet_{width in LVOT}

CSA_RegJet

CSA_{RegJet in CSA LVOT}

RegJet_{soft density}

PHT_RegJet

RevFlow_DesAo

SV_MV

VTI_LVOT

SV_AoV

RegVol_AR

RF_AR

Vmax_LVOT

EROA = 2π x PISAr² x Va / Vmax AR

RegJet_{width in LVOT} = RegJet_width/LVOT_diameter x 100

RegJet_width

LVOT_diameter

CSA_{RegJet in CSA LVOT}

CSA_RegJet

RegJet_{soft density}

PHT_RegJet

RevFlow_DesAo

SV_MV = CSA_MV x VTI MV

SV_AoV = CSA_LVOT x VTI_LVOT

VTI_LVOT

RegVol_AR = SV_AoV - SV_MV

RF_AR = RegVol_AR / SV_AoV x 100

AVA = CSA_LVOT x VTI_LVOT / VTI AoV

Vmax_LVOT

Velocity ratio = Vmax_LVOT / Vmax AoV

VTI_LVOT

SV_AV = CSA_LVOT x VTI_LVOT